Gusobanukirwa no gucunga ingaruka zamakara

Iyi ngingo itanga incamake yuzuye ya amakara, gucukumbura imiterere yacyo, ikoreshwa, hamwe nibidukikije byangiza umutekano. Twinjiye mubikorwa bigira uruhare mugukoresha, dusuzuma uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya ingaruka mbi no gukemura ibibazo. Wige kubyerekeye ubwoko butandukanye bwa amakara, ibiranga, nuburyo bwo guhitamo ubwoko bukwiye kubisabwa byihariye. Turaganira kandi ku kubahiriza amabwiriza n’iterambere rigezweho mu kugabanya ibidukikije amakara imikoreshereze.

Amakara ni iki?

Amakara, bizwi kandi nk'amakara yubushyuhe, ni ubwoko bwamakara akoreshwa cyane cyane kubyara amashanyarazi mumashanyarazi. Irangwa ningufu zayo nyinshi hamwe na sulferi nkeya ugereranije, bigatuma ikwirakwizwa no gutwikwa. Inzira ikubiyemo gutwika amakara kugirango itange ubushyuhe, hanyuma ikabyara amavuta yo gutwara turbine no gutanga amashanyarazi. Guhitamo bikwiye amakara ni ngombwa muburyo bwiza bwo gukora amashanyarazi no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.

Ubwoko bw'amakara

Ubwoko butandukanye bwamakara bishyirwa mubikorwa nka amakara, buri kimwe gifite imiterere itandukanye. Itandukaniro rigira ingaruka kubijyanye ninganda zinyuranye zikoreshwa. Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga urwego (urugero, bituminiyumu, sub-bituminiyumu, lignite), ibintu bihindagurika, ibivu, n'ibirimo sulfuru.

Amakara

Amakara ya Bituminous ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa amakara, irangwa nubucucike bwayo bwinshi kandi ugereranije nubushyuhe buke. Irashya byoroshye kandi neza, bigatuma ihitamo gukundwa ningufu nini nini. Ariko, irashobora kandi kugira ibintu byinshi bya sulferi ugereranije nubundi bwoko, bisaba ingamba zinyongera zo kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya.

Amakara mato

Amakara yo munsi ya bituminiyumu afite ingufu nke ugereranije namakara ya bituminiyumu ariko akenshi afite sulfure nkeya. Ibi bituma habaho ubundi buryo bukwiye mu turere dufite amategeko akomeye y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Agaciro kayo koroheje gashobora gusaba guhinduka kubishushanyo mbonera hamwe nibikorwa.

Amakara ya Lignite

Amakara ya Lignite, azwi kandi nk'amakara yijimye, afite ingufu nkeya muri amakara ubwoko. Ibirungo byinshi byuzuye bisaba guhinduka mugutunganya no gutwika. Nubwo akenshi bidahenze cyane, imikorere yacyo yo hasi hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bigira uruhare runini ku bidukikije.

Ingaruka ku bidukikije no gutekereza ku mutekano

Gutwikwa kwa amakara irekura imyuka ihumanya ikirere, harimo karuboni ya dioxyde (CO2), igira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere. Ibindi bihumanya byasohotse birimo okiside ya sulfure (SOx), okiside ya azote (NOx), ibintu bito (PM), na mercure. Ibyo byuka bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bwiza bw’ikirere no ku buzima bw’abantu. Gufata neza no kubika neza amakara ni ngombwa kandi mu gukumira impanuka nko guturika ivumbi n'umuriro.

Kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije

Ikoranabuhanga nuburyo butandukanye bikoreshwa mukugabanya ingaruka zibidukikije amakara imikoreshereze. Muri byo harimo:

• Flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) kugirango ikure SOx
• Kugabanya guhitamo catalitike (SCR) kugirango ugabanye NOx
• Kugaragaza ibikoresho bigenzura ibintu (urugero, imvura igwa, amashanyarazi)
• Gufata Carbone no kubika (CCS) tekinoroji
• Kunoza tekinike yo gutwika kugirango yongere imikorere

Kubahiriza amabwiriza nibikorwa byiza

Amabwiriza akomeye agenga imikoreshereze nogukoresha amakara kurengera ibidukikije n’ubuzima rusange. Abakoresha amashanyarazi bagomba kubahiriza aya mabwiriza, akenshi bikubiyemo gukurikirana ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gutanga raporo, nibisabwa. Kubahiriza protocole yumutekano nibyingenzi mukurinda impanuka no guharanira imibereho myiza yabakozi nabaturage baturanye.

Guhitamo Amakara meza

Guhitamo bikwiye amakara ku rugomero rw'amashanyarazi rurimo gusuzuma neza ibintu byinshi, harimo:

Gusuzumana ubwitonzi ibyo bintu bitanga ingufu nziza kandi bikagabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije. Baza impuguke mu nganda n’ibigo bishinzwe kugenzura niba byubahirizwa n’imikorere myiza.

Kubindi bisobanuro kubisubizo birambye byingufu, tekereza gushakisha ubundi buryo butanga ingufu. Imbere muri Mongoliya Xinxin Silicon Inganda Co, Ltd. yiyemeje gutanga ibisubizo bishya byubaka ingufu zisukuye.

¹ Amakuru yimiterere yamakara murayasanga mubushakashatsi butandukanye bwa geologiya nibitabo byinganda. Nyamuneka saba inkomoko ijyanye nibisabwa byihariye.